Central homes for sale | Oahu
172 real estate listings for sale in Central
Home
2
bd
1,176
sqft
$795,000 ▼ $7,155,000
2
bd 1,176
sqft
bd 1,176
sqft
Look at the potential of this home. Situated on a large level lot. Use your imagination on how you can use the 462 sf enclosed patio. Metal adjustable post in the enclosed patio will be replaced with something more permanent.
Multi-Family Home
$1,550,000
Multi-Family Home for sale
174 Wilikina Drive unit B Wahiawa, Oahu Neighborhood: Wahiawa Area
Don’t Miss Out on this stellar location mid-way between town and world-famous North Shore Oahu with excellent visibility along Kamehameha Highway, allowing for minimal vacancies. Perfect starter investment with great income at existing rents and room to increase to market. Two structures: 1 story structure is 1 three-bed and 1 one-bed unit; 2 story structure is 3 one-beds downstairs and 2 two-beds upstairs. 5 stalls w 4 covered parking and tandem stalls available (so possible 9 total). All units separately metered for electric; owner pays water/sewer. No gas. C&C trash pickup, all units have hookups, but opportunity to add coin laundry machines for more income. Not in a flood zone, so no flood insurance requirement.
$535k
Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands - Northbrook-Melemanu
95-2027 Waikalani Place unit A404, Mililani
Condo
3
bd
1,030
sqft
$535,000
3
bd 1,030
sqft
bd 1,030
sqft
Condo for sale
Northbrook-Melemanu 95-2027 Waikalani Place unit A404 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands
**Back On The Market**
Stunningly Remodeled in 2023, Top-Floor, Corner Unit, No Stairs or Elevator Needed!
Welcome to this beautiful three-bedroom, two-bathroom corner unit, complete with two assigned parking stalls. This home has been upgraded with high-end finishes, offering the perfect blend of style, comfort, and functionality. As you enter, you'll be greeted by the sleek stainless steel appliances and quartz countertops in the kitchen. The under-mount sinks and premium hardware throughout the kitchen and bathrooms highlight the meticulous attention to detail that went into the renovation. The spacious bedrooms feature ample closet space for easy organization, while the bathrooms exude luxury with a walk-in shower in the primary bath and sophisticated finishes. For added convenience, this unit comes with an in-unit washer and dryer, making daily chores a breeze. Step outside to enjoy not one, but two separate lanais perfect for sipping your morning coffee as you listen to the peaceful stream below, or unwinding with a glass of wine while surrounded by natures tranquility. This meticulously designed unit is a true gem. Don't miss the opportunity to call it your new home!
Townhouse
3
bd
1,370
sqft
$698,000 ▼ $22,000
3
bd 1,370
sqft
bd 1,370
sqft
Townhouse for sale
94-391 Kaholo Street unit 85 Mililani, Oahu Neighborhood: Mililani Area
22K PRICE REDUCTION!!! VA Assumable loan!!! Loan balance $633,000 Interest rate 4.875. for VA eligible buyers only. Welcome to low-maintenance living in this charming 3 bed, 2.5 bath townhome in the heart of desirable Mililani! This meticulously maintained home offers the perfect blend of comfort and convenience. The spacious living area is ideal for gatherings or quiet evenings in. The modern kitchen boasts quartz countertops, updated cabinets, stainless steel appliances, and bar seating. Upstairs, discover three generously sized bedrooms, including a serene primary suite with its own private bathroom. Enjoy year-round outdoor living on two private enclosed patios - perfect for BBQs or relaxing. Additional highlights include one carport parking spot with extra storage space and one open parking spot. Don't miss this incredible opportunity to own a piece of Mililani!
Land
0.514
acres
$950,000
0.514
acres
acres
Rare opportunity to purchase a picturesque 1/2 acre lot in Wahiawa Heights. Located on a quiet residential street with beautiful Mountain View's. Property includes variety of fruit trees, palms, and ornamental plants. Short distance to local Elementary Schools and High School; just a 20 minute drive to the North Shore. A must see!
Land
0.151
acres
$550,000 ▼ $75,000
0.151
acres
acres
Land for sale
232 Koa Street Wahiawa, Oahu Neighborhood: Wahiawa Area
Rare, Fee simple I-2 industrial zoned parcel of approximately 6,585 square feet available in Wahiawa. Property is currently leased through March 31, 2027. Please call Listor for additional details. All offers should be submitted using the Commercial Purchase and Sale Agreement. One or more photos may have been enhanced.
Home
3
bd
1,200
sqft
$1,350,000
3
bd 1,200
sqft
bd 1,200
sqft
This property offers incredible potential for investors or buyers seeking a multigenerational living opportunity. Built in 2010, it has already received DWWM approval for a second dwelling unit sewer connection—opening the door for two detached single-family homes on one lot (subject to permit approval). A rare gem in charming Waipio Acres, this move-in ready home features 3 spacious bedrooms, 2 full baths, and an open-concept layout. The interior is freshly painted with updated fixtures throughout. Step onto the covered lanai and take in the expansive 18,000+ sq ft lot—perfect for entertaining, gardening, or building an additional dwelling.
Enjoy ample parking with a 2-car carport plus 2 tandem spaces, 5 owned PV panels, and no HOA fees. Ideally located just minutes from shopping, dining, freeway access, schools, and a short walk to Kipapa Park. Lovingly maintained by the same Ohana for 68 years, this is a truly special opportunity with space, versatility, and long-term value. Blueprints available. Don’t miss your chance to own this one of a kind property. Staging furniture not included.
Condo
2
bd
812
sqft
$120,000
2
bd 812
sqft
bd 812
sqft
Condo for sale
Hidden Valley Ests 2069 California Ave unit 18E Wahiawa, Oahu
Neighborhood: Wahiawa Heights
Turnkey Investment Opportunity in the tranquil and lush Hidden Valley Estates. This spacious 2 bedroom, 1 bath, upstairs corner unit includes 2 assigned parking stalls and is in close proximity to schools, shopping, restaurants, a library and more! Enjoy the peaceful qualities of the nearby tropical forest and the well-kept grounds that offer picnic tables and playgrounds to enjoy at your leisure. Cash-flow now and move-in later or keep it as an investment to add to your portfolio. There are multiple opportunities to take advantage of. Please respect the tenants and do not enter without an appointment and an accepted offer. *Photos were taken prior to the tenant moving in.
Home
3
bd
1,040
sqft
$780,000
3
bd 1,040
sqft
bd 1,040
sqft
Three-bedroom, one bath home located on large level lot in central Wahiawa.
Home is situated at the front of the property and there is large level land area behind the home.
Located close to Schofield, Wheeler, Shopping, Schools, Restaurants, Bus Route and Entertainment.
$383k ▼ $7,000
Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands - Northbrook-Melemanu
95-2035 Waikalani Place unit B407, Mililani
Condo
2
bd
799
sqft
$383,000 ▼ $7,000
2
bd 799
sqft
bd 799
sqft
Condo for sale
Northbrook-Melemanu 95-2035 Waikalani Place unit B407 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands
SELLER OFFERS CREDIT to BUYER for 6 months of maintenance fee for a total of $6,109.56. Discover this beautiful, newly upgraded 2-bedroom, 1-bath top-floor unit in Mililani, offering a quiet oasis with lush green views. Enjoy the privacy of an end unit with no neighbors above and the convenience of two assigned parking stalls located right outside the unit with no stairs to enter. Step inside to find new flooring, fresh paint, a stylishly upgraded bathroom, and a recently upgraded kitchen featuring a brand-new stove. The lanai overlooks gorgeous greenery, tall trees, and expansive open spaces, creating a peaceful retreat in a highly desirable community. Located near Schofield Barracks and Wheeler Army Airfield, this home is move-in ready for anyone seeking tranquility with easy access to amenities. Enjoy the pool, playground, pickleball court, and basketball courts, all within the community. Don’t miss this opportunity to own a beautiful, move-in-ready home in a quiet and serene setting.
Townhouse
2
bd
782
sqft
$545,000
2
bd 782
sqft
bd 782
sqft
Townhouse for sale
95-510 Wikao Street unit B206 Mililani, Oahu Neighborhood: Launani Valley
Walk into the serene location of The Ridge at Launani Valley! Move in ready, this tucked away, 2 bedroom/2 bathroom/2 parking is prepared for you to call it home! This home has been tastefully upgraded with new kitchen and bathroom cabinetry, countertops, appliances, fixtures, laminate flooring, and freshly painted walls. Enjoy the open outdoor space and community amenities in Launani Valley like the new children's playground, full basketball court, tennis courts, or take a peaceful walk alongside the creek. Close to Wahiawa, Schofield, or Mililani Town with shopping
Condo
2
bd
782
sqft
$525,000 ▼ $10,000
2
bd 782
sqft
bd 782
sqft
Condo for sale
Ridge At Launani Valley 95-510 Wikao Street unit C102 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Launani Valley
Welcome home to this remodeled ground-floor 2-bed, 2-bath corner unit in peaceful Launani Valley. Two parking stalls are steps from your door, and the 120 sq ft covered lanai is perfect for coffee or pau hana. Inside, 2025 upgrades feature luxury vinyl plank flooring, quartz kitchen and bath counters, new shaker cabinets, stainless sink, microwave hood, and subway-tile backsplash. Bathrooms offer reglazed tubs, modern tile surrounds, updated fixtures, and tile floors. The open living area enjoys extra corner light, ceiling fan comfort, and a full-size washer-dryer with storage. Qualified buyers can assume the 5.25% VA loan at roughly $2,933.96 PITI with just a $35 k gap, locking in lower payments from day one. Community perks include a pool, playground, tennis courts, BBQ areas, shady walking paths, and pet-friendly lawns in a cooler mountain microclimate. H-2 is moments away for quick trips to Costco, Mililani Town Center dining, or North Shore surf. Schofield Barracks and Wheeler Army Airfield are minutes up the road, making this an ideal home base for service members, commuters, first-time buyers, or investors seeking steady rental demand in Central Oahu.
$645k
Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands - Evergreen Terrace
95-270 Waikalani Drive unit L304, Mililani
Townhouse
3
bd
1,289
sqft
$645,000
3
bd 1,289
sqft
bd 1,289
sqft
Townhouse for sale
95-270 Waikalani Drive unit L304 Mililani, Oahu Neighborhood: Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands
Discover this spacious 3-bedroom, 2-bath split-level home in the desirable Evergreen Terrace community! This well-maintained unit features an open and airy layout, with the upstairs bedroom serving as a loft—perfect for added flexibility. Enjoy the convenience of two assigned parking stalls (one covered carport with storage and one open) plus ample guest parking. Community amenities include a refreshing pool, relaxing whirlpool, BBQ area, and playground—ideal for entertaining or unwinding.
$699k ▼ $26,000
Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands - Sixty Parkside
95-060 Waikalani Drive unit D202, Mililani
Condo
3
bd
1,212
sqft
$699,000 ▼ $26,000
3
bd 1,212
sqft
bd 1,212
sqft
Condo for sale
Sixty Parkside 95-060 Waikalani Drive unit D202 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands
This beautifully renovated and cared-for property offers the perfect blend of comfort and convenience. With 2 assigned parking spots and ample guest and street parking, make it easy for friends to gather. Stay cool and comfortable year-round with split AC units in the primary bedroom and living room. Recessed lighting, plantation shutters, and updated fixtures are also throughout the home. Located in a serene neighborhood adjacent to a public park, perfect for enjoying the outdoors. A quick 15-minute drive to the North Shore is ideal for weekend adventures. Wheeler and Schofield Barracks are just a 5-minute drive away, making commuting a breeze. Enjoy added security with a gated community, along with video surveillance. With an active property management team on site, expect responsive service and well-maintained surroundings. You will feel the luxury of relaxing in your peaceful and tasteful home.
Condo
2
bd
877
sqft
$585,000
2
bd 877
sqft
bd 877
sqft
Condo for sale
Hale Kaloapau 95-322 Kaloapau Street unit 128 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Mililani Area
***VA Assumable to Eligible VA buyers - 2.75%!!!*** Charming unit in desirable Mililani neighborhood! Discover the ultimate blend of style, comfort, and convenience in this beautifully remodeled townhome at Hale Kaloapau. Highlights include modern interior with newer kitchen featuring sleek cabinets and stainless appliances, updated lighting and fans, remodeled bathrooms, durable vinyl plank floors, and three split AC units for optimal cooling. Enjoy privacy with this end-unit location with no neighbors above or below, enclosed fenced yard perfect for relaxation or entertainment, and two conveniently located parking stalls. Ideally located within close proximity to restaurants, grocery stores, and Mililani Town Center with easy access to Schofield Barracks and Wheeler Air Station. Schedule a viewing today and experience the perfect combination of luxury, comfort, and convenience in this incredible Mililani townhome! Make this amazing home yours!
Condo
481
sqft
$224,900
481
sqft
sqft
Unbeatable Value with Stunning Lake Views – Now Virtually Staged!
This spacious 10th-floor studio, is now enhanced with virtually staged photos to help you envision the possibilities! Featuring high ceilings and sweeping lake views, this unit offers a rare opportunity to create your ideal living space.
Whether you're a first-time homebuyer, an investor, or looking to downsize, this property is a smart choice. It won't take much TLC to transform this top floor studio. The possibilities are endless.
Located with easy access to both Honolulu and the North Shore, you’ll enjoy the best of both city and island living in a convenient, central location.
Don’t miss your chance to turn this blank canvas into something special—schedule a showing today!
Home
4
bd
2,806
sqft
$1,759,000 ▼ $36,000
4
bd 2,806
sqft
bd 2,806
sqft
Welcome to the coveted 'Kapanoe' neighborhood of Mililani Mauka. Here we have a luxurious American Classics (model 4) estate tucked away on a tranquil cul-de-sac in Mililani Mauka. This expansive 4-bedroom, 3-full-bathroom home, built in 2005, spans 2,806 interior square feet on a generous 6,160 sq.ft lot with a professionally landscaped yard, offering ample space and elegant design. Enjoy the convenience of having a bedroom and full bathroom on the ground level—a sought-after layout not often found. Step inside to a freshly painted interior showcasing contemporary features like high-end Sub Zero and Wolf appliances and elegant wood flooring, with brand-new carpeting in the bedrooms adding a touch of comfort. Granite countertops and custom built-in closet systems enhance both style and organization, while the 35 photovoltaic panels bring sustainability and efficiency. A rare blend of luxury, comfort, and efficiency awaits in this peaceful Mililani Mauka gem!
$695k ▼ $29,000
Mililani Mauka - Nohona II @Mililani Mauka 2
95-977 UKUWAI Street unit 3103, Mililani
Townhouse
3
bd
1,175
sqft
$695,000 ▼ $29,000
3
bd 1,175
sqft
bd 1,175
sqft
Townhouse for sale
95-977 UKUWAI Street unit 3103 Mililani, Oahu Neighborhood: Mililani Mauka
$5,000 CREDIT - Seller is offering to Buyer! Well Maintained and open single level floorplan at Nohona II in Mililani Mauka. 3 Bedrooms, 2 Baths, 1 Car attached Garage and an additional stall in driveway. Privacy on the end of a Cul-De-Sac with Guest and Street Parking nearby. Breezy Living Area that over looks a beautiful grassy park with benches. Primary Bedroom has breathtaking Mountain views and a large walk in Closet. Brand new Dishwasher just installed. New Vinyl Plank flooring in Kitchen, Bathrooms and Entry. Plantation Shutters in all bedroom. Mililani Town Assoc. membersl have use of 7 Rec Centers with Pools, Tennis Courts, Pickle Ball Courts, Rental Halls etc. Walking distance to Parks, Dog Park, Basketball Courts, Playground, Baseball Field, Restaurants and Shopping. Easy access to the Freeway. Minutes away from Costco, Schofield, Wheeler, Beaches, Waikele & Pearlridge Shopping Centers. Seller will pay special assessment in full at closing.
Home
3
bd
1,286
sqft
$889,000 ▼ $10,000
3
bd 1,286
sqft
bd 1,286
sqft
NO HOA! Welcome Home to This Stunning 3-Bedroom, 2-Bathroom Split-Level Residence!
This beautifully remodeled home offers endless possibilities. The flexible layout features 2 bedrooms and 1 bath on the entry level, plus 1 bedroom with 1 bath on the lower level—each with its own private entrance. Whether you need a rental, large primary suite, or extra space for family and guests, this home delivers. The lower level even has a wet bar!
Upgrades include a rock wall with an electric solar gate, double-pane windows, new split AC units, 40-Amp EV charging outlet, and a modernized solar ready 200 Amp electric panel. Additional improvements include a new water heater, attic insulation, and a water shut-off valve. The tropical landscaped yard boasts mature Lychee and Avocado trees, with a patio and BBQ area perfect for outdoor entertaining. Conveniently located in Central Oahu, you're just minutes from Wahiawa Botanical Garden, schools, parks, military bases, and shopping centers. Plus, a short drive to the North Shore beaches or Honolulu! A true gem—schedule a tour today!
Home
4
bd
1,332
sqft
$915,000
4
bd 1,332
sqft
bd 1,332
sqft
Live in the peaceful neighborhood of Wahiawa! Conveniently located next to schools and minutes away from shopping centers, freeway entrances, and parks! This newly constructed CPR home is 4 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms with 2 car garage, full kitchen with brand new stainless steel appliances, front porch, back porch and spacious backyard. Flooring throughout the house is waterproof vinyl plank flooring. Don't miss this opportunity! Property tax and assessment information not updated yet due to a new CPR.
Home
2
bd
704
sqft
$639,000 ▼ $50,000
2
bd 704
sqft
bd 704
sqft
Home for sale
288 Mala Street Wahiawa, Oahu Neighborhood: Wahiawa Area
Charming 2 bedroom 1 bath home in Wahiawa! This property presents a fantastic opportunity for buyers to make this property their own. Primary dwelling is in need of updating but with a 5000+ sqft lot, the potential and options are seemingly endless. Quiet and ideally located within the Wahiawa neighborhood. The property is near restaurants, shops, Schofield & Wheeler Airfare Base and a short drive away from Oahu’s famous North Shore. Bring your contractor and see what this property can be for you. Rear dwelling is in poor condition, please do not enter. Number of bedrooms and bathrooms do not match tax office records. Buyer is to complete their own due diligence.
$380k ▼ $10,000
Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands - Cathedral Pt-Melemanu
95-020 Waihonu Street unit C702, Mililani
Condo
2
bd
799
sqft
$380,000 ▼ $10,000
2
bd 799
sqft
bd 799
sqft
Condo for sale
Cathedral Pt-Melemanu 95-020 Waihonu Street unit C702 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands
Welcome to Cathedral Point – Melemanu, a desirable community in Mililani! This well-maintained 2 bed, 1 bath condo with RARE 2 PARKING STALLS (1 covered, 1 uncovered very close to building entrance) offering 799 sq. ft. of comfortable living space with an additional 97 sq ft of balcony space, perfect for first-time buyers, investors, or those looking to enjoy the convenience of Central Oahu living.
Step inside to find a large kitchen and living area. The large lanai provides the perfect spot to relax and take in the scenic views of lush greenery/mountains/city lights. Enjoy the convenience of in-unit laundry with full sized washer and dryer, and pet-friendly policies.
Nearby parks and walking trails add to the tranquil setting, while residents can also enjoy a community pool and BBQ areas.
Also close to a playground, park, basketball court, and volleyball court.
Cathedral Point offers easy access to Mililani Town, Schofield Barracks, Wheeler Army Airfield, shopping centers, schools, restaurants, and easy freeway access.
Don’t miss this opportunity! Special assessment will be paid off by the sellers at closing, AND sellers will credit buyers $5000 at closing for closing costs!
$419k
Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands - Waikalani Woodlands
95-273 Waikalani Drive unit D201, Mililani
Condo
2
bd
793
sqft
$419,000
2
bd 793
sqft
bd 793
sqft
Condo for sale
Waikalani Woodlands 95-273 Waikalani Drive unit D201 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands
VA assumable loan with 3.99% is available! Enjoy peaceful and cool living in this 2 bedroom, 1 bath, 2 parking, end unit, pet friendly condo in popular Waikalani Woodlands surrounded by beautiful woods, streams and gardens. This unit features a spacious living room with an enclosed lanai, the kitchen with granite countertop and modern appliances, and 2 well sized bedrooms and a renovated bathroom. This community offers wonderful amenities including a salt water pool, recreational area with BBQ, dog park, playground, scenic jogging path close by and lots of guest parking. Great central location close to Mililani Town, Wahiawa, Schofield Barracks, Wheeler and H2 access. Only a 30 minute drive to the beautiful North Shore. HOA includes water, sewer, basic cable, internet and common area maintenance.
$385k ▼ $14,000
Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands - Cathedral Pt-Melemanu
95-020 Waihonu Street unit C105, Mililani
Condo
2
bd
799
sqft
$385,000 ▼ $14,000
2
bd 799
sqft
bd 799
sqft
Condo for sale
Cathedral Pt-Melemanu 95-020 Waihonu Street unit C105 Mililani, Oahu
Neighborhood: Waipio Acres/waikalani Woodlands
READY TO MOVE IN! This beautifully renovated 2-bedroom, 1-bath home on the ground floor is packed with upgrades, including brand-new flooring, a new refrigerator, and a new washer & dryer. Enjoy the refreshing trade winds from two spacious lanais, creating a cool and comfortable living space. Conveniently located with one open parking spot, this home is the perfect blend of style, comfort, and convenience—don't miss this opportunity!
Lifestyle & outdoors In Central
29 surf spots in this area
213 parks in this area
17 beaches in this area
25 golf courses in this area
Essentials in Central
Supermarket
is about 26 min walk
Farmers market
is about 3 min drive
Hospital
is about 6 min drive
Airport
is about 7 min drive
Costco
is about 7 min drive
* distance is calculated by average per house. Some homes maybe closer to the essentials
Walkability in Central
11 / 20
Somewhat walkable
►
18-20
Most Walkable
15-18
Very walkable
10-15
Somewhat walkable
1-10
Car dependent
Walkability according to the National Walkability Index
Top 10 Central
10 most walkable neighborhoods in Central
Take a look at the ten most walkable neighborhood in Central. If you enjoy walking to your preferred spots and nearby conveniences, these areas might be perfect for you!
10 most expensive homes in Central
In Central the median sale price for homes on the market is about $1.08m, however, high-end properties can be listed at a much higher price point. Here are the top ten most expensive homes for sale in Central (Oahu).
10 most popular homes in Central
Here are the ten most popular homes for sale in Central, according to the visitor view count on our site. (We update this every day)
Schools nearby Central
School ratings provided by Greatschools.org
© 2023. All rights reserved.
Living in Central Central is a district on Oahu
Supermarkets are about 26 min walk, the nearest Hospital is about 6 min drive and the airport is about 7 min drive.
Central is somewhat walkable.
There are 213 parks in this area, and 17 public beaches. Nearby lifestyles include surfing, body surfing and golf.
Housing Market Trends for Central
There are currently 176 real estate listings for sale in Central. This includes homes, condos, multi-family homes, and vacant land.
The average listing price in Central for condos is $308,501 and for homes is $702,117.
The median sales price for Central over the last 90 days is $780,000, a 2% increase of $14,000 year over year.
If we break this down per property types we see that the median sales price
for homes is $1,075,000 and for condos $480,000.
The number of sales in the last 60 days are 77.
The average days Central properties stay on the market before being sold is 96 days.
Central housing & real estate prices
Central Real Estate listings for sale
172
Median sales price for homes for last 90 days
$1.08m
Median sales price homes sqft for last 90 days
$533
Price range sold condo units (last 6 month)
$119k - $780k
Median sales price condos for last 90 days
$477.5k
Median sales price condos p/sqft for last 90 days
$556
Average Listing Price Central for condos & homes
Average Listing Price
| $500,954 | -$484 |
| May 16 - May 22 | -0.1% |
|
$308,501 condos $702,117 homes |
w-o-w |
Median Sales Price Central for condos & homes
Median Sales Price
| $780,000 | +$14,000 |
| May 27, 2024 - May 26, 2025 | 2.2% |
|
$480,000 condos $1,075,000 homes |
y-o-y |
Number Of Sales Central for condos & homes
* information deemed reliable, but not guaranteed